Políticas públicas, gênero e autonomia econômica das mulheres

Abstract

This research brings to the center of analysis the existing inequalities ingender in the constitution of Brazilian society, the way in which they express themselves and the action of the State in an attempt to transform this situation, especially in the field of economic rights, access to resources, decision-making capacity and agent of women. It is a theory and empirical triangulation between public policies, gender and economic autonomy. The gender perspective made it possible to perceive that Public Policies are not neutral, and may contribute towards greater social equity or for the reproduction of pre-existing inequalities. Women's economic autonomy is an important dimension in fighting gender inequalities. Autonomy means the right to self-govern, self-determination, the power of women to make the decisions they think necessary for their lives and their social relations. The research answers theoretical, methodological and empirical questions. The study discusses theoretically and empirically what the gender perspective allows to perceive in the evaluation of Public Policies and shows, empirically, through multivariate analysis, the way as gender inequalities intersect with other social inequalities such as class, ethnoracial and territorial. These issues are discussed based on the analysis of two Programs that explicitly bring in their objectives the promotion of women's autonomy, the “Mulheres Mil” program - PMM and “Bolsa Família” program - PBF. The study brings a methodological contribution to gender studies, discussing the important dimensions and indicators in the construction of a measure to assess the degree of economic autonomy of women. The study proposes and estimates a Women's Economic Autonomy Index - IAEM. The construction of the index showed that educational aspects, the role played in decision-making in relation to acquisitions, composition of the family structure, vulnerability to domestic violence, emancipation, freedom of movement, among other factors that represent substantive freedoms, matter in understanding and measuring inequalities of gender. The general IAEM obtained from the survey data was 0.4958, which is considered low, which reaffirms the importance of measures aimed at raising it. The detailed analysis of each of the dimensions of the index, points out important lanes for the design of policies aimed at tackling gender inequalities. At the land level, the study shows that the autonomy conceived in Public Policies may be different from the autonomy built, since it depends on the modes of appropriation by the beneficiary women. Public Policies have the potential to contribute to the promotion of gender equity, since profound changes in the availability of resources, changes in subjectivity and behavior. The typology resulting from the crossing of the priority goals / objectives of each Program and the resources allowed us to understand that there are situations in which there is rupture, overcoming, insertion in relation to the current situation or awareness in relation to the future situation. It was possible to analyze and understand the orientations of the Programs, the ethical and political foundations of the action, in an interpretive and comprehensive analysis, differentiating them in terms of values of social justice, equity, equality and needs, capacities and competences.