Práticas de Estado e povos tradicionais na implementação de unidades de conservação em Minas Gerais.

Abstract

There is a global movement to create protected areas as a biodiversity conservation policy. Historically, this environmental policy takes root at the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, with the conservationist movement and the preservationist movement. It so happens that this literature of ecological and environmental dimensions was incorporated into the agenda of development policies adopted in several countries, such as Brazil. The implementation of this policy aimed at creating conservation units, when conducted unilaterally and hierarchically, generates a series of conflicts with local communities whose way of life and social reproduction is directly affected by the creation of these areas. In this portico, the North of Minas mesoregion has always been marked by various tensions involving processes of deterritorialization of traditional peoples and communities. In this context, analyzing state acts in the creation of full protection conservation units that make this process the origin of recurrent conflicts was the main object of this study. Available data from 7 (seven) full protection conservation units in the North of Minas were evaluated. These data are contained in the documents obtained from the Instituto Estadual de Florestas - IEF that are part of this process of designing and creating the protected area. In this study, it was decided to organize the analysis of such documents in six different phases, namely, the rationality/ideology of the environmental policy, the technical studies, the consultation/public hearing, the normative act of creation, the management council and the management plan.Of these six phases, only the first does not constitute an act of state per se. In the five subsequent phases there is a state act that is embodied in documents, which were analyzed from the perspective of their eventual inclusion or social participation. Despite being a predominantly qualitative study, the consolidated data used on social participation or its absence in this creation process allowed us to analyze one of the research assumptions that there is a dynamic in state practices, a system, so to speak, that is recurrently replicated in the other processes for creating full protection conservation units, so that this form of conduct is characterized by the withholding of spaces for participation, which contributes to the outbreak of conflicting processes. Social participation in each of these phases was used as a dimensioning factor. The variables of greater or lesser social participation in these processes do not remove the centrality of the system, which is the evasion of spaces and small concessions in less relevant points, such as eventual participation in the last stages. The results suggest that these six phases that have guided state practices should be revisited and appropriated by traditional peoples and communities as a way to reconfigure their participation in this environmental field. This dynamic of state practices was analyzed in dialogue with the categories territory and territoriality, political ecology and social field, from Bourdieu's perspective.