Microcrédito no Brasil (eficiência social e financeira): Limites e possibilidades

Abstract

Taking into account its latest developments, microcredit advances in a theoretical-pragmatic intersection observed from the different defenses of two main tendencies, theoretical framework, which are distinguished mainly by their definitions, scopes and strategic focuses for overcoming poverty - common object of intervention for the two lines. The orientation of the first approach is based on the financial system. From this perspective, microcredit has as purpose the sustainable offer of financial services for low-income people not covered by the traditional financial system. For the alternative view, the emphasis is on poverty alleviation. The priority should be to offer microcredit, with a focus on overcoming and developing the full potential of the people which currently live under this condition. In view of the identification of these two main currents, which although they share some understandings, diverge on important theoretical foundations, this work intends to understand in what position the microcredit offered in Brazil is based. This is a descriptive, quantitative research. The main source used for data collection in this research was the online data platform of the Microfinance Information Exchange - THE MIX (2016), which defines the design of this work as documentary research, including, however, a bibliographic research used for giving a theoretical support for the subject. The data collected from the data platform THE MIX (2016), refer to the Brazilian microfinance institutions, included in this database, considering the temporal cut in the years 2008-2011-2014. The data collected supported the identification of the efficiency of these institutions by applying the non - parametric model: Data Envelopment Analysis - DEA. The efficiency verification, through this instrument, is the main object of analysis used to support the conclusions of this study. The configurations used in the analysis process allowed the identification of two perspectives that, although in different measures, denoted the prevalence of the financial emphasis. However, some institutions presented concomitant efficiency throughout the study period, standing out from the perspective of the analysis scenarios considered. Although in small numbers on the total universe of the sample, due to its importance in the context of the national supply, a condition of equilibrium in relation to the financial and social dimensions was found under the amplitude and depth of social outreach - main assumptions of the theoretical financial system and poverty lending . The analysis of the efficiency scores of the NGOs showed a emphasis on considering the depth dimension of social reach, denoting the prevalence of the poverty lending assumptions in the performance demonstrated by these organizations. In the national environment, there is an evident concentration of the microfinance sector around a small number of public banks.